Filopodia, which extend from antenna-like neural protrusions called dendrites, can apparently be recruited to help form new memories.
DIMITRA VARDALAKI AND MARK HARNETT
MIT neuroscientists have discovered that the brains of adult mice contain millions of “silent synapses”—connections between neurons that remain inactive until they’re recruited to help form new memories.
Until now, it was believed that silent synapses were present only during early development. However, the new study revealed that in adult mice, about 30% of all synapses in the cortex are silent. This may help explain how the adult brain is able to continually learn and form memories without overwriting older information.
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The team had not set out specifically to look for silent synapses. But while using a very high-resolution imaging technique to investigate a different question, they were surprised to notice an abundance of filopodia—thin membrane protrusions from neurons, so tiny that they are difficult to see using traditional techniques. They went on to find filopodia in the mouse visual cortex and other parts of the brain, at a level 10 times higher than previously seen. They also found that filopodia had only one of the two types of receptors found in a typical active synapse, both of which bind the neurotransmitter glutamate. Synapses without the second type of receptor are referred to as “silent” because they cannot pass along an electric current.
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When they monitored the electrical activity generated at individual filopodia as they mimicked the release of glutamate from a neighboring neuron, the researchers found that glutamate would not generate an electrical signal in the filopodium receiving the input. This strongly suggests that the filopodia do represent silent synapses, they say.
The researchers also showed that they could “unsilence” these synapses by combining an electrical current coming from the body of the neuron with glutamate release from a neighboring one, and that doing this was much easier than altering mature synapses.
The findings support the theory proposed by other researchers that the adult brain includes highly plastic synapses, which can be recruited to form new memories, alongside synapses that remain more stable.
“This paper is, as far as I know, the first real evidence that this is how it actually works in a mammalian brain,” says senior author Mark Harnett, an associate professor of brain and cognitive sciences. “Filopodia allow a memory system to be both flexible and robust. You need flexibility to acquire new information, but you also need stability to retain the important information.”
The researchers are now looking for evidence of these silent synapses in humans. They also hope to study whether their number or function is affected by factors such as aging or neurodegenerative disease.
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