Developing new treatments for brain injury has been notoriously difficult. Perhaps, new research suggests, scientists have been targeting the wrong kind of brain cells. Two studies presented Sunday at the Society for Neurosciences conference in Washington, DC, show that astroglial cells, a type of brain cell traditionally thought to support neurons, may provide an important target for new therapies.
While some of the neural damage that accompanies traumatic brain injury, such as that caused by car accidents or explosions, results from the impact of the accident, most of it unfolds over days, weeks, and perhaps even months after the injury, triggered by a chemical cascade that, in turn, triggers inflammation and cell death. Scientists would ideally like to develop a treatment that prevents this slow degeneration, but decades of research have so far left them empty-handed.
The red-blood-cell booster hormone erythropoietin (EPO), used therapeutically to treat anemia and illegally by endurance athletes, has unexpectedly emerged as a promising candidate over the past few years. Several studies in animal models show that it can protect against the cell death that accompanies traumatic brain injury in animals. Eli Gunnarson, of the Karolinska Institute, in Sweden, has now shown that EPO can protect against the swelling in traumatic injury as well, one of the most potentially damaging consequences of both brain trauma and stroke. Gunnarson’s group found that the drug works by targeting the astroglia (also known as astrocytes), closing down a channel that normally imports water into these cells. “People have underestimated the importance of astrocytes,” says Gunnarson.
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