Only eight years after their 1998 paper in Nature announced the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi), in which double-stranded RNA is used to silence genes, Andrew Fire and Craig Mello awoke in the wee hours of the morning of October 2 to the news that they were the 2006 recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Such a short time between discovery and prize often signifies a finding’s importance: it took only nine years for Watson and Crick to win the Nobel for discovering the structure of DNA. The Nobel Assembly’s confidence in the importance of RNAi is obvious.
The initial experiment by Fire and Mello, showing that double-stranded RNA injected into worms would silence the gene with the corresponding sequence, was a clarion call to labs around the world, announcing a new method for investigating gene functions. After the initial discovery, other labs showed that small double-stranded RNAs could be used to selectively silence genes in human cells, providing a much-sought-after general approach to exploring the functions of all 21,000 human genes.
Over the past five years, the science of RNAi has advanced research in almost all areas of human biology, including work on cancer, obesity, and autoimmune diseases. Several biotech organizations are developing RNAi-type therapeutics to silence genes that cause diseases: drugs that treat macular degeneration, a leading cause of blindness, and respiratory syncytial virus, a cause of death in premature newborns, are already in clinical trials. Since the technology can in theory silence any gene, it might enable a new category of therapeutics similar in breadth to the class of monoclonal antibodies, which now account for billions of dollars in biotech sales.
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