Nuclear Reprogramming

Hoping to resolve the embryonic-stem-cell debate, Markus Grompe envisions a more ethical way to derive the cells.

By Erika Jonietz

This article is the fifth in a series of 10 stories we're running over two weeks, covering today's most significant (and just plain cool) emerging technologies. It's part of our annual "10 Emerging Technologies" report, which appears in the March/April print issue of Technology Review.

Embryonic stem cells may spark more vitriolic argument than any other topic in modern science. Conservative Christians aver that the cells' genesis, which requires destroying embryos, should make any research using them taboo. Many biologists believe that the cells will help unlock the secrets of devastating diseases such as Parkinson's and multiple sclerosis, providing benefits that far outweigh any perceived ethical harm.

[For an illustration of nuclear reprogramming,click here.]

Markus Grompe, director of the Oregon Stem Cell Center at Oregon Health and Science University in Portland, hopes to find a way around the debate by producing cloned cells that have all the properties of embryonic stem cells -- but don't come from embryos.

His plan involves a variation on the cloning procedure that produced Dolly the sheep. In the original procedure, scientists transferred the genetic material from an adult cell into an egg stripped of its own DNA. The egg's proteins reprogrammed the adult DNA, creating an embryo genetically identical to the adult donor. Grompe believes that by forcing the donor cell to produce a protein called nanog, which is normally found only in embryonic stem cells, he can alter the reprogramming process so that it never results in an embryo. Instead, it would yield a cell with many of the characteristics of an embryonic stem cell.

Grompe's work is part of a growing effort to find alternative ways to create cells with the versatility of embryonic stem cells. Many scientists hope to use proteins to directly reprogram, say, skin cells to behave like stem cells.

Others think smaller molecules may do the trick; Scripps Research Institute chemist Peter Schultz has found a chemical that turns mouse muscle cells into cells able to form fat and bone cells. And Harvard University biologist Kevin Eggan believes it may be possible to create stem cells whose DNA matches a specific patient's by using existing stem cells stripped of their DNA to reprogram adult cells.

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Meanwhile, researchers have tested methods for extracting stem cells without destroying viable embryos. Last fall, MIT biologist Rudolf Jaenisch and graduate student Alexander Meissner showed that by turning off a gene called CDX2 in the nucleus of an adult cell before transferring it into a nucleus-free egg cell, they could create a biological entity unable to develop into an embryo -- but from which they could still derive normal embryonic stem cells.

Also last fall, researchers at Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester, MA, grew embryonic stem cells using a technique that resembles something called preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). PGD is used to detect genetic abnormalities in embryos created through in vitro fertilization; doctors remove a single cell from an eight-cell embryo for testing. The researchers separated single cells from eight-cell mouse embryos, but instead of testing them, they put each in a separate petri dish, along with embryonic stem cells. Unidentified factors caused the single cells to divide and develop some of the characteristics of stem cells. When the remaining seven-cell embryos were implanted into female mice, they developed into normal mice.