Here is the process for making billions of identical nanoparticles. First, a mold is created using conventional photolithography from the semiconductor industry (top left). Next, a special Teflon-like fluoropolymer is deposited on the wafer, cured to form a solid, and then lifted off. This becomes a stamp that can be pressed onto any number of materials to form them into tiny particles. These can then be freed from the stamp, in part because its Teflon-like properties keep the particles from sticking.