A company called Nth Degree Technologies hopes to replace light bulbs with what look like glowing sheets of paper. The company's first commercial product is a two-by-four-foot-square light, which it plans to start shipping to select customers for evaluation by the end of the year.

The technology could allow for novel lighting designs at costs comparable to the fluorescent light bulbs and fixtures used now, says Neil Shotton, Nth Degree's president and CEO. Light could be emitted over large areas from curved surfaces of unusual shapes. The printing processes used to make the lights also make it easy to vary the color and brightness of the light emitted by a fixture. "It's a new kind of lighting," Shotton says.

Nth Degree makes its light sheets by first carving up a wafer of gallium nitride to produce millions of tiny LEDs—one four-inch wafer yields about eight million of them. The LEDs are then mixed with resin and binders, and a standard screen printer is used to deposit the resulting "ink" over a large surface.

In addition to the LED ink, there's a layer of silver ink for the back electrical contact, a layer of phosphors to change the color of light emitted by the LEDs (from blue to various shades of white), and an insulating layer to prevent short circuits between the front and back. The front electrical contact, which needs to be transparent to let the light out, is made using an ink that contains invisibly small metal wires.

The new transparent electrical contact could itself prove important as a replacement for the indium tin oxide (ITO) used in touch screens and other displays. ITO is brittle and can't be printed, so it's not suitable for flexible displays. It can also be expensive, depending on the price of indium.

While the devices the company has made so far are more efficient than incandescent lights, they're not yet as efficient as fluorescent lights. They emit 20 lumens per watt, compared with about 80 lumens per watt for typical overhead fluorescent lights and 65 lumens per watt for compact fluorescents. A 60-watt light bulb from GE gets about 14 lumens per watt.