Solar companies presenting business plans to investors at a National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) conference this week devoted particular attention to how they hope to compete with Chinese manufacturers. The audience at the NREL Industry Growth Forum in Denver consisted largely of venture capitalists and partners from private equity firms.

Stellaris, a company that assembles solar modules in Lowell, MA, has already received $6.1 million in funding to develop techniques for packaging silicon and thin-film cells. The company, represented at the conference by CEO James Paull, is seeking further financing in 2010.

Paull said that while European companies' cell-to-module costs are 70 cents per watt, China's are half that. "Solar modules have become a commodity, and China is dominating," he said. Like most of the other presenters, Paull didn't reveal too much about his company's technology. But he said that Stellaris hopes to save costs by adding passive plastic concentrators to silicon and thin-film cells and by reducing cell sizes.

An executive from a large European solar company expressed skepticism, however, that the US will ever be able to catch up with Chinese solar manufacturers. The executive, who manages his company's operations in China, said his company had explored manufacturing in California and Texas but that the labor costs were much too high. That said, he was at the conference looking for new solar technologies to buy up--an area where the US does still have an edge.

Google's stepping up its social networking efforts with new features for Friend Connect today, and the features provide some clues as to how Google thinks social data can be used to make money.

Friend Connect provides a way for website owners to give their site social features without having to build an entire social network from scratch. This type of add-on social network tool has been increasingly popular in the last year and a half--Friend Connect competes with offerings such as Facebook Connect, which was announced around the same time, in the first half of 2008. Google says that about 9 billion web sites use Friend Connect, and that the service receives about half a billion unique page views each month.

The new Friend Connect features collect more data about a site's visitors and provide several ways to use it. A polling gadget gathers information about visitors' interests, which is then shared between sites.

Using this feature, a music site could find out which bands are their viewers' favorites, and a fashion site could discover a user's favorite clothing brands. A new direct messaging feature also allows Friend Connect users to contact others with similar interests. The music site could, for example, send newsletters targeted to users who've expressed an interest in certain 90s grunge bands. Or visitors might be served links to the most recent articles about these bands.

But perhaps most importantly for advertising dollars--and one must always remember that Google is an advertising company at heart--user profiles come with an integrated set of tools that a site owner can use to provide personalized information, ads, and services.

Most conveniently, Google has now integrated AdSense with FriendConnect, allowing site owners to fine-tune the ads displayed based on users' interests, as well as site content.

Google's vision of advertising has always been about presenting ad content at the moment people are actively seeking such information, and the company has always employed sophisticated analytics to do this.

FriendConnect's new features look like a solid step toward monetizing social data. While social networking sites still struggle with this--users of those sites are usually looking to socialize, and not to buy things--FriendConnect's advantage is that the social data can be used to catch users when they're looking for useful information or even thinking about making a purchase.

The video below demonstrates the new features.

Students from Cambridge University, in England, engineered bacteria to produce pigments in all colors of the rainbow (shown above) as part of the International Genetically Engineered Machines Competition at MIT. Credit: Mike Davies

Bioengineering students from around the world converged on MIT this weekend in what has become an annual ritual in synthetic biology--iGEM, the international genetically engineered machines competition. Among the finalists this year were "GluColi", a new generation of glue made by bacteria, a biological version of an LCD screen made of yeast, and a multicolored menagerie of bacteria that might ultimately become part of a biological system designed to change color in response to toxins or other target compounds, providing an easy-to-read warning system.

By combining snippets of DNA, dubbed biological "parts", students build microbes designed to perform useful functions, such as producing medicines or detecting toxins. Each year "parts" built for the competition are entered into a biological library, so that next year's teams can use them to build even more sophisticated machines. As iGEM co-founder and MIT bioengineer Tom Knight explained in a previous piece, "The key idea here is to develop a library of composable parts which we think of in the same way as Lego blocks. These parts can be assembled into more-complex pieces, which in many cases are functional when inserted into living cells."

Entries into previous years have included yeast designed to produce beer with the health benefits of red wine, sweet-smelling E. coli, a commonly used research bacterium with a vile odor, and probiotic bacteria, like that found in yogurt, designed to fight cavities, produce vitamins, and treat lactose intolerance.

To make multicolored microbes, students from Cambridge University, in England, mined bacterial genomes for pigment-producing genes. They then engineered those genes into the harmless strain of E. coli used in genetic research. Carotinoid enzymes co-opted from Pantoea ananatis, a bacterium that can rot onions, generated red and orange pigments. A gene for melanin, an enzyme from the soil bacterium Rhizobium etli, produces brown. Chromobacterium violacein, a soil and water dwelling microbe offered genes capable of producing shades of violet, green and blue.