Scientists studying embryonic stem cells will soon feel the funding noose tightening once again, thanks to a new ruling that temporarily blocks an executive order to expand access to federal funds. President Obama's order, made last year, reversed restrictions put in place in 2001 by President Bush, which limited federal funding of embryonic stem cell research to stem cell lines that had already been created. These restrictions were seen as a huge hindrance to the pace of research, forcing scientists who wanted to do cutting edge experiments to seek private funding. Many scientists chose to avoid the field altogether, and those who pursued it often had to create new labs that mirrored existing ones in order to carry out the privately funded research.

According to the New York Times,

The ruling came as a shock to scientists at the National Institutes of Health and at universities across the country, which had viewed the Obama administration's new policy and the grants provided under it as settled law. Scientists scrambled Monday evening to assess the ruling's immediate impact on their work.

"I have had to tell everyone in my lab that when they feed their cells tomorrow morning, they better use media that has not been funded by the federal government," said Dr. George Q. Daley, director of the stem cell transplantation program at Children's Hospital Boston, referring to food given to cells. "This ruling means an immediate disruption of dozens of labs doing this work since the Obama administration made its order."

In his ruling, Chief Judge Royce C. Lamberth of Federal District Court for the District of Columbia wrote that his temporary injunction returned federal policy to the "status quo," but few officials, scientists or lawyers in the case were sure Monday night what that meant.

According to a report in the Boston Globe,

Additionally, the judge ruled that former MIT researcher Dr. James L. Sherley and other scientists who study less controversial adult stem cells would face "actual, imminent injury'' because of the competition for federal dollars that would be stoked by expansion of research into embryonic stem cells.

The lawsuit was brought about by Sherley, now at the Boston Biomedical Research Institute, and Theresa Deisher of AVM Biotechnology, headquartered in Seattle, among others. According to the Boston Globe, the original suit included other plaintiffs, but the court had earlier found that they did not have legal standing to proceed. One of those was Nightlight Christian Adoptions, which supports the adoption of embryos for implantation. Sherley and others argue that "it is immoral for scientists to work with cells derived from embryos because they have to be destroyed to extract stem cells."

Obama's 2009 order did not lift restrictions on research that destroys a human embryo, which Congress prohibited from federal funding in a 1996 law known as the Dickey-Wicker Amendment. (Creating new stem cell lines requires the destruction of embryos.) Judge Lamberth called on this law in the ruling.

According to the Times,

The judge ruled that the Obama administration's policy was illegal because the administration's distinction between work that leads to the destruction of embryos -- which cannot be financed by the federal government under the current policy -- and the financing of work using stem cells created through embryonic destruction was meaningless. In his ruling, he referred to embryonic stem cell research as E.S.C.

"If one step or 'piece of research' of an E.S.C. research project results in the destruction of an embryo, the entire project is precluded from receiving federal funding," wrote Judge Lamberth, who was appointed to the federal bench in 1987 by President Ronald Reagan.

In other words, the neat lines that the government had drawn between the process of embryonic destruction and the results of that destruction are not valid, the judge ruled.

For scientists, the problem with the judge's reasoning is that it may render all scientific work regarding embryonic stem cells illegal -- including work allowed under the more restrictive policy adopted by President George W. Bush in 2001.