From birth, parents raise us in different ways, teachers teach us in different styles, and doctors treat us with different medicines and give us different advice. These experiences set us upon our paths in life, sculpting how we learn and how we stay healthy. We can think of each interaction between a teacher and a student, or between a doctor and a patient, as a little miniexperiment, with an outcome that can be evaluated: Did the student learn and become able to use the information to do creative and useful things throughout life? Did the patient improve in health and develop proactive health-related behaviors? With almost one million physicians, and about four million educators of children, in the U.S. alone, we are as a society conducting millions of perturbations of behavior every day. However, we do not take advantage of the enormous amount of empirical data that, in principle, could be collected and analyzed in the process. A tool for generating and mining such a data set could not only reveal general empirical facts and principles about how best to teach, or to prevent and treat disease, but also allow individuals to monitor their own personal parameters that govern how they best operate, empowering them to better themselves.

Consider the idea of an ongoing clinical trial. Currently a clinical trial for a drug involves, typically, a blinded test of a treatment versus a control, which lasts a certain amount of time, and progresses in multiple stages, increasing the number of people each time, and looking for certain outcomes. Then, if the trial ends successfully, the drug can be sold. However, it's been observed that a great many drugs likely work for only a fraction of the patients who receive them. Indeed, drugs that may be bad if prescribed indiscriminately are sometimes useful for specific subpopulations (e.g., consider the story of thalidomide). Furthermore, after a drug is out in the world, it can be used off-label by doctors. If side effects appear in a subpopulation of patients, there isn't a forum to interactively analyze the properties of that subpopulation in a rapid way. Clinicians can publish the results of such observations in journals, but such observations often stand alone.

A complementary approach might be to continually accumulate data about a drug as it is used to treat different diseases, in different populations, over time. Each individual patient would be permanently associated with a data point, so that follow-up and further examination would become possible. As genomic information, brain imaging, and other information-dense measures become increasingly cheap to acquire, tracking multiple variables within a patient over long periods of time will become more and more valuable, allowing one to find better predictors of future outcomes in response to a specific treatment, and to derive conclusions that would be impossible from a limited snapshot of a person's life. This could speed up the process of testing out technologies, allowing evidence to be accumulated and analyzed in a distributed and open fashion, and enabling cures to be developed and tested faster. It could also simplify prospective studies, in which patients are tracked before and after disease onset, say for conditions such as autism or schizophrenia; right now it is very hard to do this because detailed studies of people before a disease occurs are difficult for all but the most common diseases. With integrated database design and accessibility, it would become possible to perform this analysis. Such a system would also need to have instantaneous peer review that would occur in a rewardable way; the system must track real identities and real reputations of people who comment on or synthesize insights from the database, to synthesize accountability, reputation, and trust, and to separate the experts from the nonexperts. Perhaps free access to the database's wealth of data would motivate people to contribute; people who contribute less, or who contribute lower-quality judgment, might instead pay to access it.

It's possible that this methodology could apply to other domains of life, exploring how to assist people to become better--for example, consider how to evaluate trajectories for the approximately two million inmates in U.S. prisons. Or consider mental health, in which many styles of therapy are continually being explored by a diverse set of psychologists, therapists, and psychiatrists. Or the economy: perhaps a way to help economies self-regulate is to build in self-analysis at every step of the way, continuously generating models and testing theories to catch disasters before they happen.

How many approaches to life ever get validated? When does a strategy or method need to be personalized to an individual, and when is an insight a general piece of wisdom? Systems that enable these questions to be answered by providing a continuously updated snapshot of the best practices of the world may change the way we live, and enable a new age of rational decision making. "Those who can't remember the past are doomed to repeat it." Well, currently that's just about all of us.

Cite as: Boyden, E. S. "Civilization as Experiment" Ed Boyden's Blog. Technology Review. 1/18/09. (http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/boyden/22512/).

We are terrible at solving future problems before they become big. A friend of mine who worked for decades as a governmental security advisor was once told by an official, "Unless there are bodies on the ground, we can't pay attention to it." This property of the human mind affects us at the personal, community, and global levels, whether it's dealing with diet and exercise and debt, or the future of Social Security, or global climate change--all scenarios where people must invest effort now, to solve a problem that won't hit until some time passes. Now, it's one thing to complain about how bad we are at this problem (as psychologists have been gleefully pointing out for many years). But can we do anything about it? Can we engineer new tools to enhance our judgment, and to augment our ability to objectively deal with problems?

Easy gimmicks and fixes don't work: this problem might be fundamental to the human condition. Information is not enough to enable good decision making. We need to improve how we act on information, and that means utilizing emotion as a tool. Now, emotions of the moment shape how we prioritize and act, whereas distant emotions have little or no impact on our current actions. Thus it is hard to resist that extra cheese Danish or that new car--because we feel current urges and emotions right now, while the distant emotion that would accompany a medical problem or a financial problem isn't real to us. Conversely, an immediate problem is far more painful than a future one: it is easy to procrastinate about something laborious, or to rush to solve an emergency. So immediate problems will override future ones, grabbing our attention because of the immediate anxiety and stress produced.

Thus, one possible principle of prevention is: develop tools to help yourself feel future emotions now. Create visceral visualizations of the different outcomes, so that you can feel the feelings that result from each one. Emotions are shortcuts, and while they can be destructive when gone awry, they can be harnessed to augment rational behavior, if you understand your mind. It is possible to make software tools that enable visceral visualizations of the consequences of current actions. When I schedule future activities on my to-do list, for example, I often embed appropriate emotional cues in the list, so that when the time comes to act, it's easier for me to do what I've planned. Perhaps software that enables additional visual, auditory, and other-modality cues to enhance this process--and personalizes the emotion to the individual--could help boost the power of the human mind, to actively prevent problems. I wonder if such a tool, properly developed, could be a true cognitive prosthetic to enable better decisions and fewer disasters in the future.

^{Cite as: Boyden, E. S. "Averting Disasters, Preventing Problems." Ed Boyden's Blog. Technology Review. 9/2/08. (http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/boyden/22122/).}