Electrically stimulating specific parts of the brain using an implanted electrode can help severely depressed patients, according to two studies published this month. The findings are the latest evidence suggesting that "deep brain stimulation," a surgical therapy already widely used to treat Parkinson's disease, could be an alternative treatment for people with severe depression.

"This is a very promising therapy for severe and medically intractable depression," says Ali Rezai, a neurosurgeon at the Cleveland Clinic, in Ohio, who is involved in one of the studies. However, doctors involved in the studies caution that larger clinical trials are needed to determine how effective and long-lasting the therapy is.

Deep brain stimulation is becoming an increasingly routine treatment for Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. A neurostimulator--similar to a heart pacemaker--is implanted under the skin of the torso and connected via a wire to an electrode implanted into a specific part of the brain. The stimulator delivers precise electrical impulses to the brain, interfering with the neural signals that underlie the troublesome motor symptoms.

After the success of the technique in treating Parkinson's, scientists have started to explore the technology's potential in treating other neurological problems, such as epilepsy, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and, most recently, depression.If successful, the therapy could provide a much needed new option for the approximately 1.8 million patients in the United States with major depression who fail to respond to medications and other therapies, including electroconvulsive therapy, a treatment that is often highly effective for depression but can also cause serious side effects, including memory loss.

In the latest study, researchers at the University of Bonn, in Germany, targeted a part of the brain often referred to as the brain's "pleasure center": the nucleus accumbens. This area, a central part of the brain's reward system, responds to pleasurable things, such as food, sex, and drugs. "A major symptom of depression is the inability to find pleasure in things the person previously found pleasurable," says Thomas Schlaepfer, the psychiatrist who led the study. "We believe that this symptom is mediated by the human reward system."

Schlaepfer and his collaborators surgically implanted electrodes into the nucleus accumbens of three severely depressed patients, all of whom had failed to respond to drugs and electroconvulsive therapy. Two of the three patients reported immediate effects when the stimulator was turned on. One remarked that he wanted to climb the steps of a local cathedral, which he did the next day. The other said she wanted to return to bowling, a favorite hobby before the onset of her depression.