May 2000

Blood From a Chip

Bioengineers grow a circulatory system on silicon.

By Peter Fairley

Thanks to advances in tissue engineering, doctors can now replace burned skin or worn out cartilage with lab-grown replacements. But engineering larger body parts, such as desperately needed livers, remains out of reach-in part because there's no way to keep these tissues fed with blood. Although a patient's own blood vessels can penetrate and sustain a skin graft, they can't grow fast enough to keep a mass of liver cells alive. "You get cell death before the vessels arrive," says pediatric surgeon and tissue engineer Joseph Vacanti of Massachusetts General Hospital.

Now Vacanti and his partners in the Center for Innovative Minimally Invasive Therapy-a Boston-area research consortium-may have solved that problem with a primitive circulatory system grown on a silicon wafer. The team first used photolithography to etch a template of interconnected veins, arteries and capillaries onto the wafer. Then they seeded the template with vascular cells from a rat lung, which spontaneously grew to coat the grooves, breeding a network of blood vessels. Vacanti's team then showed fluids could pass through the vessels.

Brian Cunningham, biomedical technology manager at Draper Laboratory in Cambridge, says even the chip's smallest features-10-micrometer-wide capillaries no bigger than a single red blood cell-made an easy target for Draper's micromechanical fabrication experts. Although the prototype packs 23,040 individual capillaries, human-scale organs will require even larger networks.

Vacanti is now busy working out how to use the chip-grown plumbing to create a functioning rat liver in the lab. He says one approach being considered is to build up an engineered organ by layers, sandwiching blood vessels between sheets of blood-cleansing liver hepatocyte cells and tissue-connecting fibroblasts.

While the results are preliminary, Vacanti says he is excited by the prospect of solving tissue engineering's circulatory dilemma: "If this barrier were breached it would open up tissue engineering to virtually any tissue of the body."