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Wind Power That Floats

Continued from page 1

By Peter Fairley

Wednesday, April 02, 2008

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Turbine structure: The steel superstructure below this wind turbine is called a tension-leg platform, similar to what’s used in offshore oil and gas platforms. Once positioned offshore, the platform is held rigidly in place by chains running to a steel and concrete counterweight on the seabed.
Credit: Blue H Technologies

Faster rotation also means less torque, meaning that the entire structure can be built lighter. (See "Wind Power for Pennies.") The rotor, gearbox, and generator of Blue H's 2.5-megawatt turbine will weigh 97 tons--53 tons lighter than the lightest machine of the same power output on the market. "This is a big advantage," says Jakubowski. "For us, weight on top is something we have to push up." The turbine and platform are correspondingly cheaper to build, he says. The net result, says Jakubowski, should be a highly competitive energy source. He estimates that Blue H's wind farms will deliver wind energy for seven to eight cents per kilowatt-hour, roughly matching the current cost of natural gas-fired generation and conventional onshore wind energy.

And it will be out of sight and thus, the company hopes, out of mind for competing local interests such as tourism. The site off Cape Cod where Blue H intends to install a test platform next summer for its first U.S. wind farm will be 23 miles off the coast.

Blue H's Norwegian competitor SWAY is using a different combination of offshore platform technology and turbine design. SWAY's platform is, in essence, a spar buoy that can rise and fall gently with wave action, thus requiring less anchoring than the tension-leg platform. The buoy, a column nearly 200 meters tall, will be held in place by a 2,400-ton gravel ballast on the seabed. Its turbine is three-bladed, but in contrast to conventional onshore turbines, it is allowed to face downwind rather than held upwind to better accommodate heeling of the tower.

Paul Sclavounos, a mechanical engineer and a specialist in naval architecture at MIT, whose lab is designing both kinds of structures for offshore turbines, says that both companies have chosen viable flotation methods, although he believes that the spar approach taken by SWAY will be better adapted to rougher waters. He says that Blue H's platform may work off the Italian coast, but anchoring it to handle the 30-to-40-meter waves that New England's storms can whip up may not be economical. "The cost that really drives this business is primarily the foundation," says Sclavounos.

Where he questions both firms is in their decision to redesign the wind turbines. Sclavounos says that his group is designing both spars and platforms to carry conventional five-megawatt turbines designed for onshore or shallow-water offshore applications. "You don't want to redesign the turbines for offshore deployment because that's going to be very expensive, and it's probably not necessary early on," he says.

In Sclavounos view, the economics of the power industry are already approaching a tipping point that will drive rapid adoption of floating turbines. "The technology is essentially proven," he says. "We know we can design [platforms] and spars that are not going to move in big storms. What is going to lead to this industry taking off will be the economics. When carbon-emissions trading markets start maturing, you're going to see this industry take off, even without state subsidies. We're not far from it."

Comments

  • Finally!
    Using the 70% of the planet that is not inhabited for wind power siting is definitely the right approach!
    Rate this comment: 12345

    SVE
    04/02/2008
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  • Phoenix Project, Anyone?
    I wonder if these folks have read the Phoenix Project, by Harry Braun?

    http://www.phoenixprojectfoundation.us/
    Rate this comment: 12345

    blunney
    04/02/2008
    Posts:17
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  • How this make for cheaper wind energy ?
    Building wind turbines a long distance from where the energy is needed requiring miles of cable , and situating them on massive epensive floating platforms , needing thousands of tons of balast does not make for cheaper wind energy . If you scale the size of the floation device shown in the picture up to that of megawatt size turbines , each turbine would require a ridiculously big platform . This is not economical .

    Underwater tidal turbines would be much cheaper , and would not be visible at all providing a predictable supply of energy . Like the one just installed in the mouth of Strangford Loch in Northern Ireland .

    Or perhaps wind turbines could be situated on the same towers as tidal turbines to reduce the cost . There isn't a lack of space on land for wind turbines , it just takes time for people to get used to them and to see the benefits . There are plenty of wasted spaces on rooftops for turbines .
    Rate this comment: 12345

    DJTal
    04/02/2008
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    • Re: How this make for cheaper wind energy ?
      I agree with you on all points.
         Except, after 30 years of development, wind is successful and people will invest in it.
         Underwater turbines have yet to prove themselves, and have not gone through this development process.
         Unfortunately, I do not see this technology getting the money it needs to really come to the front, where it belongs....
         For all the talk of alternative energy, if a government somewhere does not pay to develop the technology, I do not see private investors doing it.
         And yes I know about Verdant, but like I have said, to little money for them really to grow like they need to.
      Rate this comment: 12345

      DennisBuller
      04/02/2008
      Posts:47
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    • Re: How this make for cheaper wind energy ?
      Remember, there are many offshore locations with stronger winds than onshore locations, so the disadvantage of higher capital and installation costs would be partially offset by higher electricity production.

      Also, if Tubercle technology is as advertised, they could plausibly produce power for much less, as they could greatly increase the output per turbine - which is inversely proportional with costs per kWh. Superconducting technology could also help, to make the generator much lighter and so reduce structural costs. Scaleup to even bigger sizes, say 5MWe (already commercially available) could reduce the cost even more.

      It's like the article says, if they can get the cost down, there really is great potential for floating offshore wind, with an extremely large resource base, consistent and reliable winds, and virtually no public opposition.
      Rate this comment: 12345

      Siphon
      04/03/2008
      Posts:152
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      • Re: How this make for cheaper wind energy ?
        In power system terms wind power is a toy, albeit one that delights environmentalists. Every power grid needs to have base load generation so that power is available all the time. If it is a nuclear base generation then wind power is not really necessary because the power generation must be sized to supply power when the wind is not blowing. The same applies for a coal-fired base load generation system because for every MW of wind generator on line spinning reserve must be supplied - ie turbines must be on line and running to pick up any slack when the wind changes. Thus any saving to a coal based system is reduced- the same coal generators need to be there and running whether we have a wind system or not. Also if a large proportion of a power system was wind powered sytem stability problems could arise.
        If wind power was used in a system where a hydro-electric pump storage system was available then it would make much more sense.
        I support alternative energy but not just for feel-good reasons - they must work.
        As far as I understand it the only technology suitable for base-load generation is the experimental Carnot engine driven by temperature differentials in the ocean
        Rate this comment: 12345

        neiljg
        04/06/2008
        Posts:1
        • Re: How this make for cheaper wind energy ?
          No. Nuclear power is simply too expensive. New projects cost more than 5000 per kWe installed, and getting more expensive almost every month.

          Nuclear cannot compete with wind/caes schemes, especially now with Tubercles.

          Also, nuclear power plants are inflexible, they cannot follow a load because of thermal cycling stresses which make O&M prohibitive, if it can be done at all with existing reactor designs with regards to safety and reliability.

          We already have 20% nuclear, more than enough for baseload. New ones are too expensive, and building a large number would require them to either follow the load, which is expensive, or complement them with natural gas peakers, which is also expensive.

          Flexible, dispatchable electricity systems is what we should be looking for.
          Rate this comment: 12345

          Siphon
          04/08/2008
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    • Re: How this make for cheaper wind energy ?
      It bemuses me that someone can declare a project uneconomical two seconds after reading it; whereas, the principles have studied it for years. The advantages of putting turbines far offshore are huge. Stronger, more consistent winds improve the capacity factor, making turbines highly productive and less intermittent. The same turbine can produce 50% to 100% more electricity. The ability to place wind anywhere along the coast actually brings wind closer to populations than previously possible. 90% of Americans live near a coastline and could become a market for offshore wind power.

      I like the two-blade and downwind designs. NREL and the Wind Turbine Company designed a two-blade, downwind turbine years ago that saved on material costs. These should do the same.
      Rate this comment: 12345

      MakeSense
      04/03/2008
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      • Re: How this make for cheaper wind energy ?
        Great comment MakeSense. This agrees with what several experts in the area have said.
        Rate this comment: 12345

        Kevin Bullis
        04/03/2008
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        • Re: How this make for cheaper wind energy ?
          You can always find 'some' experts in the field who agree with your point of view , kbullis .

          If you want bring wind energy close to the people , MakeSense , then place wind turbines on roof tops , no need to build expensive new supporting towers for the turbines , and the same goes for the solar power industry . Reducing the number of turbine blades reduces the wieght by a tiny amount compared to the rest of the structure .
          Rate this comment: 12345

          DJTal
          04/05/2008
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          • Re: How this make for cheaper wind energy ?
            The economics of residential wind lags that of utility wind, though it is improving fast. The vast majority of homes and other buildings would not be appropriate for residential (small-scale) wind because of turbulent winds. The more the merrier, though. And that's how I feel about the tremendous potential of offshore wind. It can provide inexpensive, high quality power and lots of it. Architectural wind seems like a good option too.
            Rate this comment: 12345

            MakeSense
            04/06/2008
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    • Re: How this make for cheaper wind energy ?
      Oops. Oops! In fact, quite a few 'oops's' here.

      ALL of this sounds fantastic. So let the engineers, i.e. the sharp-pencil crew, get to work. After all the word 'engineering' is sometimes coupled to 'economy'. As if that weren't an oxymoron.

      Do the math. If the economies and compromises work out, great.

      Here are a couple of things that HAVE changed since 1975, and certainly since 1920, the two time benchmarks in the Phoenix project schema:

      Permanent magnet alternators are simpler, cheaper, and much more productive than in the past thanks to better magnet technology.

      Solid-state power conversion technology is far more capable than even a few years ago.

      There are more rooftops than ever.

      And here are some things that are true now, just as they have been, forever:

      AC at high voltage may be transmitted over longer distances with less line loss and using smaller, cheaper conductors than can lower voltages or DC.

      Rooftops are lousy places for wind turbines, beween the turbulence and obstructions to airflow that abound and the structural and nuisance effects of noise and vibration loads.

      And yet, re-animations of some OLD turbine designs (Darrius and its variants, among several possibilities) offer decent efficiencies combined with rather handsome, one might even say beautiful forms.

      Who knows? Might work.
      Rate this comment: 12345

      lkrndu
      04/07/2008
      Posts:24
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  • [no subject]
    I find it interesting that spokespeople talk about the carbon-emissions trading markets. Right now there are no carbon-emissions trading markets, what makes them so sure there will be one in the future? A lot of the stuff out there right now is looking promising but unless you can compete with oil on a fair footing it will never be more than just a nitch market.

    With a good mass reproducible modular design, this could be a top contender.

    By the way, carbon-emissions trading are subsidies. They are artificially imposed by the government.
    Rate this comment: 12345

    zig158
    04/02/2008
    Posts:64
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    • Re:
      Of course there is a carbon market--indeed, a very large and robust one--in Europe.
      Rate this comment: 12345

      jpontin
      04/02/2008
      Posts:25
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    • Re:
      You describe carbon-emissions trading as a subsidy, but I think you're missing the point. Conventional power generation is currently "subsidized" by the fact that it does not factor in external costs, such as health care costs and environmental damage caused by its generation. In addition, if you factor in the massive government subsidies for oil extraction, wind power can be more than merely competitive. The extraction industry benefits greatly from the US military presence in the Gulf region and around the world, not to mention the significant subsidies that are provided to these corporations to exploit public lands for corporate profit.
      Rate this comment: 12345

      franquellim
      04/07/2008
      Posts:13
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    • Re:
      "unless you can compete with oil on a fair footing it will never be more than just a nitch market."

      Toilets, plumbing, sewage pipes, and sewage treatment plants can't compete "on a fair footing" with throwing your poop in the street, but we all agree the higher cost is worth it.
      Rate this comment: 12345

      Tysto
      05/13/2008
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  • Reducing costs
    What about moving a manufacturing to the platform so that generated energy can be consumed in the same place? There would be no need for expensive undewater cables.
    Rate this comment: 12345

    m.pivoda
    04/02/2008
    Posts:5
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  • Deep Water Wave Action
    Wave action would seem to be a challenge to securely anchoring an off-shore wind turbine, unless the floating structure was designed to minimize the effects of that wave action. An interesting challenge would be to design energy absorbing hydrodynamics - essentially creating a dual fuel power station.
    Rate this comment: 12345

    jgkneuer
    04/02/2008
    Posts:1
  • Electrolysis and offshore wind gen
    IF we ARE going to be a hydrogen economy... then why are not we having the most obvious and elementary of discussions? Generation and storage of hydrogen offshore (wind, electric, electrolysis, hydrogen) seemes like the greenest technology possible. It trades the transmission losses back to the coast for the electrolysis-based conversion loss.

    Offshore wind and solar power generating arrays could become the largest manmade structures in history, there are scales of economy and fewer logistical constraints compared to land based solar and wind gen facilities. There are even financial and regulatory incentives to offshoring hydrogen generation. Given the hoopla over gas terminals and the flexibility in sites possible of the offshore facilities, hydrogen pipelines may be better than tanker storage and transport in some places.
    Rate this comment: 12345

    rlindsl
    04/02/2008
    Posts:20
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    • Re: Electrolysis and offshore wind gen
      Considering that transporting hydrogen is far more lossy than electricity, and that centralised storage would almost certainly be more economical than storage on hundreds of wind sites, and that hydrogen storage systems have far greater capital costs than e.g. AACAES, not to mention inherently greater losses, this is not the best proposal I've heard.
      Rate this comment: 12345

      Siphon
      04/03/2008
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      • Re: Electrolysis and offshore wind gen
        Low pressure gas lines are not more expensive then electrical lines. Underwater high voltage lines have several unique electromechanical issues, I think you are aluding to tanker transport of Hydrogen....
        Rate this comment: 12345

        rlindsl
        04/12/2008
        Posts:20
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        • Re: Electrolysis and offshore wind gen
          Natural gas infrastructure, maybe. But hydrogen embrittles many materials used in the natural gas industry, so expensive materials would be required for the hydrogen pipeline. Also, there are more safety issues with hydrogen. I'm not saying it's dangerous; making it safe is quite feasible. But it adds even more to the costs. There is also the fact that there is relatively little experience in hydrogen infrastructure technology compared to electrical infrastructure.

          But the losses inherent to the hydrogen scheme make it uncompetitive to transporting electricity, even when the downsides of the latter are considered.
          Rate this comment: 12345

          Siphon
          06/04/2008
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    • Re: Electrolysis and offshore wind gen
      We will never be a hydrogen economy.
      Rate this comment: 12345

      MakeSense
      04/03/2008
      Posts:99
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  • 3-in-one
    Couldn't they build a structure that supports win  turbine on the top + solar panel on the base + wave power below the surface. They could maximize the energy potential of such structures.
    Rate this comment: 12345

    exushri
    04/02/2008
    Posts:2
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    • Re: 3-in-one
      Where favorable conditions overlap, those options would be important. Windy areas do not necessarily lie in sunny areas or where predictable currents exist. But where they do, it could be profitable to add on.
      Rate this comment: 12345

      MakeSense
      04/06/2008
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  • Wind Power That Floats
    How do they manage to transfer the power to the mainland to use?  Recall that you're moving high voltage through seawater over tens of miles.  Is it transferred as AC and if so at what frequency?
    Obviously they do it, but that area gets little attention.  Usually the pumping losses for electricity are pretty large over long distances.
    Rate this comment: 12345

    kearns
    04/02/2008
    Posts:29
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    • Re: Wind Power That Floats
      Over distances of 20 or 30 miles, AC losses are pretty small, say a few percent compared to the greatly improved sizes and capacity factors possible at those locations.

      High voltage DC (HVDC) lines have become the best choice for long distances. If many wind farms are put offshore, it could be advantageous to collect power from them through a connected system of HVDC lines. Since wind power produces DC power, no conversion to AC would be needed, thus saving money and weight. The added bonus would be a great reduction in intermittency.
      Rate this comment: 12345

      MakeSense
      04/03/2008
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      • Re: Wind Power That Floats
        'Since wind power produces DC power, no conversion to AC would be needed, thus saving money and weight.'

        In fact wind power may produce AC - or DC, depending on choice of hardware, i.e. alternator or DC generator driven by the turbine. I'm not certain which has the upper hand in productivity and economics but imagine the factors involved to be many: distance to consumer, mode of transmission, capacity of turbines, siting, and more.

        In theory an alternator might be made to produce high-voltage low-current power, which may be efficiently transmitted over some distance.

        Then again wind turbines which spin at variable rates produce AC with variable frequencies. Harnessing several together thus becomes a trick which can be met by rectifying the output of each turbine-alternator to DC at high enough voltage to make long-distance transmission economical.
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        lkrndu
        04/07/2008
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        • Re: Wind Power That Floats
          Wind turbines produce DC power natively, as do solar power technologies. It must be converted to AC current. Usually the converter is in the tower base. This equipment would not be needed if the turbine connected directly to an HVDC conduit. Where the HVDC line entered the AC transmission grid, a conversion to AC would be needed.
          Rate this comment: 12345

          MakeSense
          04/08/2008
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  • Wind Power That Floats
    I say millionaire waterfront property owners are just going to have to get used to seeing Windmills a few miles offshore.
    Rate this comment: 12345

    jmaximus9
    04/02/2008
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  • Heavy Seas and Hurricanes
    As I recall - the Atlantic tends to get a lot of heavy weather in late summer and into late fall. The occassional Nor-Easter is a mean old cuss too.

    Do these floatilla's have the guts to stand up to a Cat 4 or 5 storm - year in and year out?

    The Pacific is quieter of course, but further south there are more sever storms, and the biggest Winter storms out of the bay of Alaska can kick up the surf too.

    Kowabunga moondoggie!
    Rate this comment: 12345

    mkogrady
    04/03/2008
    Posts:234
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  • Oil Competitive
    Being competitive with oil is only going to get easier as gas prices go to $4.00 / gallon and beyond.

    Have to agree with earlier comment on those who casually dismiss the idea out of hand as not cost effective. Really? let's see your analysis then. THis seems well worth a look to me.
    Rate this comment: 12345

    fensterbaby
    04/04/2008
    Posts:4
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  • ugly
    architecturally a wind turbine on top of a house is hideous. it would never happen
    Rate this comment: 12345

    dtheisen
    04/05/2008
    Posts:4
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    • Re: ugly
      A vertical axis turbine designed into a house or building being built from scratch can look very good . Take a look at the turbines ontop of conical shaped houses in Finland designed by Windside .
      Rate this comment: 12345

      DJTal
      04/06/2008
      Posts:145
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  • [no subject]
    There are many people who have to understand that the cost of oil is so much more than what you see at the pump, and to do a full tech review we must take into account the hidden costs. One is supporting all these countries who violate human rights and use the oil money to fund terrorism.
    Or how about reducing this out of control military spending, which amounts to about 500 billion dollars a year plus 12 or so billion a month going into Iraq. The money is there lets not get hung up on that issue. These turbines have to be part of a overall sustainable network.Think about the hidden benefits
    They are much safer than nuclear power plants and can cut down on air pollution not to mention the global warming. Also Jobs and a better future for the children. I hope people wake up, the oceans are collapsing before our very eyes, we can't afford to wait for the sky to fall.This is the most important issue facing the world today, yet it is tied to all others.I also believe they can double the power generation from each platform.
    Rate this comment: 12345

    Gcanno
    04/07/2008
    Posts:10
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  • Sad US is way behind
    It was great reading this article about forward thinking alternative energy companies.  However it is kind of sad reading "Dutch floating-turbine developer Blue H Technologies" and " SWAY, based in Bergen, Norway" because I hardly ever read about U.S. based companies leading the way.

    Has the U.S., a country that borders the worlds great oceans, completely lagged behind in these technologies?  Has 8 years of the Bush/Cheaney administration brought us back to the alternative energy dark ages?
    Rate this comment: 12345

    mikesic
    04/08/2008
    Posts:1
    Avg Rating:
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    • Re: Sad US is way behind
      Very insightful blame Bush Cheaney comment.  However, if you think about it, these companies did not take the lead in 8 short years.  The ground work was laid earlier than that, maybe during Clinton Gore, when the USA had no thoughtful energy policy at all.

      Of course if you want to talk about politics and wind power, you have to be thinking about Ted Kennedy and champion of the environment Robert Kennedy Jr. Who both oppose off shore wind power in their own back yard.  Why do they actively fight against this renewable resource?  Because they would see tiny specks of off-shore wind mills blighting the veiw from the Kennedy compound.

      And if you are looking for solutions to our energy problems, either global warming or national security, wind power is a nice but small piece of the puzzle.  The big solutions involve an expansion of atomic energy.  The opposition to this typically comes from the political left.
      Rate this comment: 12345

      Kraig
      04/09/2008
      Posts:4
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      • Re: Sad US is way behind
        It may be unfortunate to drag politics into this, mainly because energy is so political anyway. Congress is full of lawyers who don't really know anything about energy that the interests in their districts and states don't tell them. Presidents likewise.

        Your comment on nukes is offbase. The main reason we don't build new nukes is that utilities have no interest in them. The government has to offer enormous incentives just to get them to consider it. But there's a great reason to steer away from nuclear power. Once secondary sources of uranium from weapons, reprocessing and stockpiles that supply 40% of uranium are exhausted by 2020, chronic uranium shortages are expected that should persist for decades. Coincidently, high quality ores will give way to markedly lower quality ores, making it even more difficult and costly to meet demand. You can see this in the huge price increases in uranium of the past couple of years.

        The U.S. imports 96% of the uranium it uses, and it uses about a third of global production. It would not be a wise investment to move toward more nukes, even without any environmental considerations, which are significant.
        Rate this comment: 12345

        MakeSense
        04/10/2008
        Posts:99
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        • Re: Sad US is way behind
          My comment on atomic energy was NOT off-base.  Your view of current uranium supplies is pessimistic, but you are right that the way we do things now would not be sustainable for the long term.  But between fuel reprocessing, breeder reactors, thorium-based fuel cycles, we can go nuclear for thousands of years.  The only thing stopping us is fear and ignorance.

          You also commented on the reason that nobody is interested in building nuclear power plants.  It is my opinion that the main reason is fear of lawsuits from anti-nuclear activists.

          If we take our energy advice from the likes of Jackson Browne, Bonnie Raitt, and Christy Brinkly we are doomed to failure.  I would recommend, for anyone out there who is interested in learning more about energy, the book "Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy" by Nobel Prize Winner (a real one, chemistry, not a phoney one like peace)George Olah and others.  The first half of the book is an excellent review of the current state of energy production and the problems we face in the future.  The second half of the book offers some potential solutions.
          Rate this comment: 12345

          Kraig
          04/11/2008
          Posts:4
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  • Floating cities
    Japan has experimented with the idea.  Gives new meaning to the term "offshoring."  Don't bother sending the power to the mainland -- use it right there.  Keep the mainland for nature preserves and farming.
    Rate this comment: 12345

    dmm
    04/08/2008
    Posts:207
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  • Could Only Lead To Sub-Contractors
    This eventually would become a sub-contract Power retrieval Bigtime Operations Scenario. Even when a Power Company manages itself it finds it can do it cheaper by sub-leases agreements, this is what has led to Off-Shore Leasing in the first place. The same will become evident with any Health Care Proposition as a New Policy where Sub-Control of every aspect is divided into categories which serve different ages and different medical prognosis so it is heading towards a government expenditure of losing its control on all American's Health care, esp. the military which has been sub-contracted by non-military hospitals and doctors for a long while now (at least twenty-five years). Military Base Security Operations has sub-contracted maybe you have noticed that civilian business security opportunities has employees at entrance and exit gates sometimes real military armed personnel but not always. Sub-contracting is what ghovernment has learned to accomplish, nothing ever is done the way in which it was originally written by government when they voted on the issue. Health Care will become a feather in the wind, taxpayers will be paying for sub-contracted Health Care.

    Meanwhile, Medicare and Medicaid each will find it more difficult, doctors will stop participating with the program and then the ultimate disaster - State Health Departments will stop administering and that was where the lower cost per person was occurring. When sub-contracting begins the population will find that more facilities will become necessary and the cost will surge on every taxpayer yet to start working, their children will be paying for facility contracting long before they ever experience the inside of one and the elderly will be being turned down for medical treatment because they are to old just like my grandmother that died of Pancreatic Cancer and she was healthy all her life just because of a water board having a sub-contracted purification operation her water supply got to much cancer causing chemical within it as listed by the EPA and its my bet your million dollar water purification facility will one day also be sub-contracted or your city will order water from another city 20-50 miles away.

    Win Turbines do what they were made to do and what else they would accomplish for humanity is entirely up to whom is managing their power production. If all the power is not being used then it is sold to a power grid company whom resells it to other companies and somwhere along the sales line are consumer's and small business. If there were ever a need of power generation off-shore it would be to supply underwater construction and operations of underwater living facilities. What real difference could there be without having to live on dry land when all conveniences can be availablke underwater in a facility made from volcanic glass slabs fuse-welded together to support a internal atmospheric condition. Floating airports has been a topic for a while now even with casinos and wouldn't the Obama Administration like to admit that off-shore gambling underwater would be a better place to vacation even during a typhone or hurricane arrival and departure via a super luxious submarine.
    Rate this comment: 12345

    Jonalist
    07/27/2009
    Posts:4
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