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Wednesday, May 16, 2007

Cheaper, Cleaner Ethanol from Biotech Corn

The genetically-modified plants break down their own cellulose, making it possible to use waste biomass to produce ethanol.

By Kevin Bullis

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Cutting costs: A Michigan State University technician works with transgenic corn plants that could help lower the cost of making ethanol from plant stems and leaves.
Credit: Mariam Sticklen, Michigan State University

Researchers have genetically engineered transgenic corn plants that produce enzymes that can turn their leaves and stems into sugar by breaking down cellulose. The plants could lower the cost of creating ethanol from these sources, making such biofuel more competitive with that produced from corn kernels, the primary source of ethanol in the United States today.

Cellulosic sources of ethanol, such as waste biomass and switchgrass, are attractive because they are cheap and abundant. But converting cellulose, a complex carbohydrate, into sugars that can be fermented to make ethanol is more expensive than converting the starch in corn grain into sugar: breaking down the cellulose typically requires expensive enzymes extracted from genetically engineered microbes.

Now Mariam Sticklen, professor of crop and soil science at Michigan State University, and her colleagues have genetically engineered corn to produce the same enzyme that the transgenic microbes produce. The plant-grown cellulase could save about 30 to 50 cents per gallon of ethanol produced, Sticklen says.

Key to Sticklen's advance was engineering the corn so that the enzymes would not break down cellulose while the plants were still alive. Part of the solution was to use an enzyme found in bacteria that live in hot springs. The enzyme is only active at high temperatures--higher than those that a plant's cells would reach while it is alive. As a result, the enzyme remains dormant until it is heated to about 50 ºC.

Sticklen's transgenic corn is "one of several promising approaches to address the central obstacle impeding establishment of a cellulosic-biofuels industry: the absence of low-cost technology to overcome the recalcitrance of cellulosic biomass," says Lee Lynd, professor of engineering and biology at Dartmouth College, in Hanover, NH. But he adds that in-plant production of enzymes comes with its own challenges.

One of these challenges, according to James McMillan, a principal group manager at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, in Golden, CO, is ensuring that the transgenic plants don't have negative environmental effects. For example, if plant matter containing these enzymes was left in the field, it could change ecosystems by making sugar more readily available to microorganisms.

If the researchers are able to overcome some of these challenges, the biotech corn could lead to more-efficient production of ethanol, starting by making better use of corn kernels. Much of the corn kernel contains cellulose that isn't converted into ethanol in conventional ethanol plants. Some developers are considering adding equipment to existing ethanol plants for processing this corn-grain cellulose. In Sticklen's transgenic corn, this cellulose in the kernel would contain enzymes for converting cellulose into sugar, which could simplify the process.

Comments

  • >>> two NEW ideas about RENEVABLE energy sources >>>
    Gaetano Marano on 05/16/2007 at 8:52 AM
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    .

    the Ethanol can't cover all future needs of energy

    we'll always need large amount of electric energy that biofuels can't give us at low prices

    clealy, the best ways to have low cost electric energy are solar panels and wind turbines

    unfortunately, the latter source needs very large areas and giant/costly infrastructures

    also, the wind energy is not constant and can't be "stored" at reasonable prices

    but there are two NEW ideas that may change (very much) the wind energy scenario

    the first (from USA, Canada and Australia scientists) is to use the high altitude Jet Stream winds

    this is a link to an article that explains this new technology:

    http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/05/07/MNGNEPMD801.DTL

    of course, you can find many other info and data about it, googling

    the second idea REDUCES the wind energy PRICE saving on infrastructures and areas costs:

    http://www.gaetanomarano.it/articles/028energy.html

    .
    .
    Rate this comment: 12345
    • Re: >>> two NEW ideas about RENEVABLE energy sources >>>
      theblight on 05/21/2007 at 8:37 AM
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      Regards the Wind Sky Scraper...  Wow, so many distortion all in one page  picking one...  building and wiring and controlling output from dozens of turbines is not going to lower costs, but instead raise costs.
      Rate this comment: 12345
  • Invalid Example of Negative Ecosystem Impact
    wf on 05/16/2007 at 11:02 AM
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    "For example, if plant matter containing these enzymes was left in the field, it could change ecosystems by making sugar more readily available to microorganisms."

    This conflicts with the earlier statement in the article concerning Sticklen's major advance: "As a result, the enzyme remains dormant until it is heated to about 50 ºC."

    I doubt that any cornfield will be reaching temperatures of 50 ºC.
    Rate this comment: 12345
    • Re: Invalid Example of Negative Ecosystem Impact
      tofumi on 05/16/2007 at 12:42 PM
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      It's not the cornfield that matters here, but the end use, which might trigger the necesssary heat. Corn goes into food, fuel, feed etc. Also, lack of regulatory approval for any of the above leads to costly recalls. I love biotech crops, but loathe company-killing liabilities.
      Rate this comment: 12345
      • Re: Invalid Example of Negative Ecosystem Impact
        aymeric on 05/17/2007 at 8:41 AM
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        That was not the argument in the article. They said that the enzyme in the waste left in the fields (nothing was said about the end consumer at this point)would make sugar more available to the micro organisms in the field. An like the previous poster has correctly stated, that unless you grow corn in the middle of the desert you will never reach 50C to activate the enzyme.
        Rate this comment: 12345
    • Re: Invalid Example of Negative Ecosystem Impact
      kanilure on 04/15/2008 at 1:08 PM
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      These statements do not conflict.  Corn parts left in the field can easily reach 50C which is equal to 122F.  Compost reaches temperatures of 130-150F.  Just think of the devastating environmental concequences of a jumping gene that breaks down all cellulose at 50C! 
      Rate this comment: 12345
  • Corn not the answer?
    nekote on 05/17/2007 at 7:58 AM
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    From my research so far, corn is a comparatively lousy way to capture and store solar energy.

    So far, algae seem 100+ times as productive.
    And they can hopefully be "farmed" in desert type regions, using sea water or brackish water.

    At 100+ times the productivity, only 1/100 the acreage would be required, for a given solar energy capture.

    Using desert type areas avoids competition for land that can grow familiar food crops.
    Rate this comment: 12345
    • Re: Corn not the answer?
      rhapsodyinglue on 05/18/2007 at 11:31 PM
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      I think the so far is just that some have written reports stating that it might be possible to get algae fuel production to that point.  No one has come close to that yet.  Still a lot of production issues to be worked out.
      Rate this comment: 12345
    • Re: Corn not the answer?
      kanilure on 04/15/2008 at 1:14 PM
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      I think you are right nekote.  I'm an old phytoplanktologist and the productive capacity of these organisms has been known for decades.  Unfortunately, it takes water space to grow algae and that has always been more expensive and less available than soil space, even though most of the planet is covered by water!
      Rate this comment: 12345
  • Let Them Eat Cake!
    kanilure on 04/15/2008 at 1:36 PM
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    While we are perfecting ways to genetically modify corn for fuel, and introducing potentially dangerous genomes into the environment, people in third world countries are still starving.  The price of rice has gone up 500% in 5 years, doubled just this year.  Corn for ethanol has already raised the cost of grain feed and high fructose corn syrup.  Given that not all corn is produced for export or for animal feed and that it is difficult to reach all corners of the globe with food exports for the starving:  it is still abhorrent to me that America, with it's capacity to feed the world, is now greedily feeding its cars with potential food. 
    Rate this comment: 12345
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