When forest fires broke out in a remote area of Massachusetts a couple of years ago, firefighters hampered by a lack of access roads to the blaze relied on helicopters to douse the flames. But the  helicopters were ill-equipped for the task: each small craft could carry only 100 gallons of water. In fact, to extinguish the blaze, firefighters spent several days scooping water from a pond, flying to affected areas, dumping water on the flames, and then returning for more pond water.

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