A Life-Saving Liver Machine

Mayo Clinic is making advances toward longer-lasting liver "dialysis" using pig cells.

With human livers and cell lines in extremely short supply because of a donor shortage, researchers working to extend the lives of liver-failure patients have turned to pig livers in the past decade as a potential short-term method for detoxifying human blood. Such treatment could make a life-or-death difference, allowing a patient to regenerate his or her own liver or find a transplant.

Since 1997, some 200 people have been treated worldwide with whole pig livers, by a costly and cumbersome method in which a patients' blood is passed through a freshly extracted pig liver. Although some people have been kept alive for a day or two in this manner, the pig livers generally die two to six hours into the procedure, killed by human antibodies. And the process is controversial because of concerns that patients could contract a pig virus or micro-organism.

That's why researchers have turned to pig liver cells, called porcine hepatocytes, in an effort to create a new class of liver-dialysis machines. Now the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, is announcing important strides toward creating such a device. Its machine keeps clusters of pig cells alive far longer than the typical lifespan of a whole dissected organ. And the human blood is separated before entering the machine, reducing the number of white blood cells that would otherwise attack the helpful pig cells.

[For images of the liver-dialysis machine and its process, click here.] 

Although human clinical trials are at least two years off, principal investigator Scott L. Nyberg says his machine, called the Spheroid Reservoir Bioartificial Liver, was tested with success in late 2005 in a pre-clinical study on dogs with drug-induced liver failure.

"The dogs treated with our machine lived longer and did not develop signs of brain swelling and brain death, while the untreated control dogs did develop these manifestations of liver failure," says Nyberg, who is also a transplant surgeon. While the early study involved only six animals, the results were encouraging enough that Nyberg's team is refining its two prototype devices for more testing in dogs and primates. Their ultimate goal: a device that can keep a patient in liver failure alive for weeks, even months.

If all goes well, the group might do Phase I clinical testing in humans with acute liver failure in 2008. "We want to extend the lifespan of the cells and duration of the treatment," Nyberg says, recalling a case in which a teenage patient died 14 hours before a donor liver became available. "A device like this could have kept her alive for just that one more day."

The Mayo liver device looks vaguely like a fish tank set on a cantilevering metal platform. The reservoir is filled with a highly oxygenated liquid medium into which Nyberg deposits up to 500 grams of live pig hepatocytes. Blood from the patient first courses through membranes that separate red cells and plasma from the larger white blood cells.

The plasma and smaller blood cells continue on their circuit into a tube immersed in the liquid suspension of clustered pig cells. The pore size of the tube's membrane allows blood to flow in and out of the hollow fiber while the hepatocytes remove bile, ammonia, urea, and other impurities. The pore size also blocks the hepatocytes and any pig cell debris from entering the patient's blood.